Abstract: Blockchain has attracted much attention for its decentralization, tamper-proof, easy to verify and other notable advantages. But for the blockchain, its most fundamental attribute is decentralization. This requires a good consensus mechanism to be established. At present, the common consensus mechanisms include the proof-of-work (PoW) consensus mechanism, the proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, the proof-of-activity (PoA) consensus mechanism, and so on. However, these consensus mechanisms didn’t give a specific scheme for the reward distribution of participating nodes. Based on the principle of calculating Shapley value in Game Theory, this paper improves the distribution of reward in the mechanism of the PoS consensus mechanism, makes the reward distribution of the nodes participated in the generated block in the PoS mechanism more fair and reasonable, and it can also reverse the social stratification in the blockchain, thus greatly improving the possibility of the new small node gaining the benefit. In addtion, we apply the same ideas in the Ouroboros protocol to improve its revenue distribution algorithm so that it satisfies survivability and durability.

Key words: proof-of-stake, Shapley value, reward distribution, Ouroboros protocol, game theory