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    基于持久性内存的单向移动B+

    One-Direction Shift B+-Tree Based on Persistent Memory

    • 摘要: 由新型非易失存储介质构成的持久性内存(persistent memory, PM)具有扩展性强、按字节访问与静态能耗低等特性,为未来主存与辅存融合提供了强大的契机.然而由于LLC(last level cache)具有易失性且与主存交互粒度通常为64B,而PM的原子持久化操作粒度为8B.因此,数据从LLC更新到PM的过程中,若发生故障,则可能破坏更新操作的失败原子性,进而影响原始数据的完整性.为了保证更新操作的失败原子性,目前研究主要采用显式调用持久化指令与内存屏障指令,将数据有序地持久化到PM上,但该操作会造成显著的开销,在索引更新中尤为明显.在对索引进行更新时,往往会涉及到索引结构的变化,该变化需要大量的有序持久化开销.研究旨在减少基于PM的B\++树在更新过程中为保证失败原子性而引入的持久化开销.通过分析B\++树节点利用率、不同更新模式下持久化开销以及更新操作之间的关系,提出了一种基于节点内数据真实分布的数据单向移动算法.通过原地删除的方式,减少删除带来的持久化开销.利用删除操作在节点内留下的空位,减少后续插入操作造成的数据移动,进而减少数据持久化开销.基于上述算法,对B\++树的重均衡操作进行优化.最后通过实验证明,相较于最新基于PM的B\++树,提出的单向移动B\++树能够显著提高单一负载与混合负载性能.

       

      Abstract: The persistent memory (PM) fascinates many researchers by its high scalability, byte-addressability and low static energy consumption which can contribute to the fusion of main memory and secondary memory. However,the interacting granularity between the volatile last level cache (LLC) and the non-volatile PM is normally 64B which is much larger than 8B, the granularity of the atomic updating operations provided by the main memory. Once an outage takes place during the process of transporting data from LLC to PM, data integration on the PM may be destroyed, which will lead to a breaking down of failure atomicity. Most researches are used to solve this problem by forcing the data persisted following some order implemented with flush and fence instructions which are always accompanied with large overhead. This overhead will be amplified especially in index updating which often leads to some transformation of index structures. In this paper, we focus on reducing the persisting overhead for ensuring the failure atomicity of updating a PM-based B\++-Tree. We propose a one direction shifting (ODS) algorithm based on the real data layout in the tree node as well as the node utility, the persisting overhead of different updating mode and the relation between different operations. This algorithm implements the in-place deletion to reduce the deleting overhead and takes advantage of the pits generated by in-place deletion to further reduce the shifting overhead of insertion. We redesign the rebalancing process of our persistent B\++-Tree according to the ODS algorithm. Experiments show that our proposed ODS tree can outperform the state-of-the-art PM trees on single and synthetic workloads.

       

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