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摘要:
Web 3.0数字经济体系以区块链平台为基础设施，围绕加密货币、NFT、数字藏品等数字资产和去中心化金融（DeFi）、游戏金融（GameFi）等去中心化应用（DApp）开展各项社会经济活动. 在公有链和开放联盟链下，作为DApp内核的智能合约可以由任何个人或组织予以部署，并对全体用户可见及可调用. 这种开放性给经济发展带来了新的机遇，同时也蕴含了许多金融风险. 以智能合约为中心分析了Web 3.0数字经济潜在的风险，并从智能合约的编码、功能、应用3个层面总结了风险感知技术的研究现状. 首先介绍了智能合约漏洞检测技术的研究挑战、安全漏洞类型和4类漏洞检测方法；其次分析了常见的智能合约骗局类型，并根据训练数据的不同分类总结了现有的智能合约骗局识别技术；接着介绍了基于区块链交易记录对4种非法交易行为进行检测的技术现状；最后结合对现有工作局限性的分析，展望了未来的研究方向.
Abstract:The Web 3.0 digital economic system takes the blockchain platform as its infrastructure, and revolves around the digital assets such as cryptocurrencies, NFTs, digital collectibles, and decentralized applications (DApps) like decentralized finance (DeFi) and gaming finance (GameFi) to conduct various socio-economic activities. Smart contracts are the core of DApps on the public blockchains and the public permissioned blockchains, such as Ethereum, Solana, EOSIO, Findora, Antchain, ChainMaker, et al. Smart contracts can be deployed by any individual or organization, and are visible and accessible to all blockchain users. This openness brings new opportunities for economic development while also harboring numerous financial risks. We analyze potential risks for Web 3.0 digital economic by focusing on smart contract and summarize the current research on risk perception technology from three aspects: encoding, functionality, and application of smart contracts. We first introduce the research challenges, security vulnerability types, and four categories of vulnerability detection methods in smart contract vulnerability detection technology. Next, we analyze common types of smart contract scams and summarize existing scam recognition techniques based on different classifications of training data. Subsequently, we introduce the current state of technology for detecting four types of illicit transactions behaviors based on blockchain transaction records. Lastly, by analyzing the limitations of existing work, we envision the future research directions.
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Keywords:
- Web 3.0 /
- blockchain /
- smart contract /
- risk perception technology /
- digital economy
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图 2 可重入漏洞执行路径示意图
Figure 2. Illustration of the execution path of reentrancy vulnerability
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图 3 基于合约图的智能合约漏洞分类模型
Figure 3. Smart contract vulnerability classification model based on contract graph
表 1 各类型漏洞检测方法优缺点对比
Table 1 Comparison of Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Vulnerability Detection Methods
漏洞检测方法 效率 准确率 标注 定义漏洞 可解释性 可迁移性 可靠性 符号执行 低 高 不需要 需要 好 差 低 深度学习 高 低 需要 不需要 差 好 低 形式化规范与验证 高 低 不需要 不需要 好 差 高 混合方法 低 高 需要 需要 好 好 高 
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表 2 加密货币市场操纵方法总结
Table 2 Summary of Cryptocurrency Market Manipulation Methods
策略 描述 角色/平台 哄抬抛售 协调购买力来推高区块链发行币的价格. 社交媒体 洗牌交易 执行交易来创造人工交易量，形成循环交易，夸大特定资产的价值. 交易所 订单操纵 通过短时间内伪造大量订单来操纵市场对某种货币供需的感知，但这些订单生命期短，或实际并不执行. 交易所 抢先交易 设置更高gas费用抢先完成攻击交易. 区块链 内幕交易 滥用可预测未来交易的内幕信息来制定交易策略. 交易所 分布式拒绝服务攻击 通过反复发送大量的服务请求，试图使一个网站或网络提供的服务失效. 互联网 稳定币发行 大量发行稳定币用于购买某种数字货币，此时该数字货币流通量减少，从而导致其价格上涨. 交易所
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