Abstract: Anonymous communication technique is one of the main privacy-preserving techniques, which has been widely used to protect Internet users’ privacy. However, existing anonymous communication systems are particularly vulnerable to traffic analysis, and researchers have been improving unobservability of systems against Internet censorship and surveillance. However, how to quantify the degree of unobservability is a key challenge in anonymous communication systems. We model anonymous communication systems as an alternating turing machine, and analyze adversaries’ threat model. Based on this model, this paper proposes a relative entropy approach that allows to quantify the degree of unobservability for anonymous communication systems. The degree of unobservability is based on the probabilities of the observed flow patterns by attackers. We also apply this approach to measure the pluggable transports of TOR, and show how to calculate it for comparing the level of unobservability of these systems. The experimental results show that it is useful to evaluate the level of unobservability of anonymous communication systems. Finally, we present the conclusion and discuss future work on measuring unobservability in anonymous communication systems.