An Evaluation of Carrier Security for Image Steganography Based on Residual Co-Occurrence Probability
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摘要: 隐写是一种利用图像、视频、文本等常见媒体实现隐蔽传输的技术，其反隐写分析的能力是衡量隐写安全性的重要标准.然而，随着双层校验格码(syndrome tellis codes， STC)的出现，隐写安全性的研究出现了滞缓.目前已有的隐写研究大多是失真代价函数的完善和补充.事实上，隐写安全性受到两大因素的显著影响：1)由隐写操作相关的因素、包括嵌入率、嵌入算法等；2)载体自身的掩蔽效果，即载体安全性.从研究载体的安全性角度出发，分析载体图像残差共生概率特征分布与隐写安全性的关系.利用载体聚类中心距离提出一种隐写载体安全性评价方法.实验证明:通过该方法进行载体筛选可有效增强隐写的反检测能力.图像在不同图像库、隐写方法、嵌入率和隐写分析特征的测试中，抗检测能力相比随机选择载体更高，平均检测错误率提高了3.8~11.8个百分点.Abstract: Steganography is the art of covert communication technique by regular-looking media such as images, videos and texts, and the capability of anti-steganalysis is an important factor to measure its security. However, the research of steganography security develops slowly after the introduction of STC (syndrome tellis codes). Most of the existing studies are the completions and supplements of distortion function. In fact, there are two main factors that affect steganography security significantly: one is the embedding-related factor, such as payload or embedding algorithm; the other is the occultation effect of carrier, namely carrier security. In this paper, we study the carrier security by analyzing the relationship between steganography security and the carrier feature based on co-occurrence probability of image residual. We present an evaluation method of security for image carrier based on carrier distance of clustering center. The experimental results show that, by the security evaluation method we propose, the anti-steganalysis capacity of steganography is improved effectively by carrier selection. By the testing of the images under different databases, steganography algorithms, payloads and steganalysis features, the steganography based on our method enjoys a higher carrier security than random carrier selection and the average error rate of detection is improved about 3.8 to 11.8 percentage points.
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Keywords:
- steganography /
- steganalysis /
- co-occurrence matrix /
- security evaluation /
- carrier security
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