Expansion and Transition of Computing Paradigms: From CS1.0 to CS2+

This paper discusses the expansion and transition of computing paradigms. Firstly, it expounds on the great historical significance and limitations of Turing computation, defines what computing paradigm is, distinguishes between four types of computing paradigms: CS1.0, CS1.x, CS2.x and CS2+, and points out that computing paradigms evolve from “discrete, algorithm-based, rule-fixed, externally-assigned semantics, and closed monomers” to “continuous, dynamical systems, rule generation, endogenous semantics, and open ecosystems” in multiple dimensions, moving towards open evolutionary computation. Next, it was emphasized that the distinguishing criterion between CS1.x and CS2.x is the rule closure and semantic closure; It introduces typical cases of open evolutionary computing paradigms, including generative AI, structural computing, and institutional computing; emphasizes that the core issue of open evolutionary computation is governability. Finally, it discusses the theoretical basis and key technologies of open evolutionary computation, clarifies the significant importance of conducting basic research on open evolutionary computation, and calls on academia and industry to pay attention to the transition of this technological paradigm.